Sterilization
Objective
1. Inactivate the lipolytic enzyme to prevent the further rise in FFA due to enzyme action. This is done by heating the fruit in a low temperature.
2. Facilitate the stripping of fruit. Sterilization helps in loosening the fruit from the bunch. Moist heat is needed to penetrate to the point where the fruits are attach to the stalk.
3. Helps in deoiling process for fruit pericarp and stalk. When the fruit is cooked, the colloids of the pericarp and stalk will be modified so the good de-oiling will occurs when pressing.
4. Preconditioning the nuts to minimise kernel breakage during pressing and cracking. If there is sufficient heat penetration, it can cause many of the kernels to detach from the shell. Besides, the heat will also cause the shell to deform and become elastic, this reduces the chances of cracking of the kernel. If the kernel has not shrunk, the kernel will sometimes break.
Factor affecting the performances of sterilization
Temperature need to be at least 100°C.
Amount of air :
- the higher the air remains in the sterilizer, the mixture of steam and air will have a lower temperature and pressure.
- the thermal conductivity of air is low, removal of air will gives higher temperature
- less amount of air will helps the heat from the steam to pass to the bunches more quickly
- the air need to be remove as fully as possible, the air will lead to oxidation of the oil in high temperature.
Pressure:
less than 3kg/cm2, or else the bleachability of the oil would be affected.
Air removal
Air is denser than the steam. By admitting the steam at the top of the vessel, the steam will occupy the top part of the sterilizer and slowly move downward as the air is displayed.
-downward displacement
Steam is admitted though the steam inlet valve with the steam exhaust valve closed and the condensate valve open. The admission of steam cannot be made slow because of the mixing of the air and the steam will be happened.
Triple peak sterilizing
In Gomali palm oil mill, triple peak sterilizing is used in sterilizing process. On the first peak, the steam flow into the sterilizer until the pressure within the vessel reach about 30psi. The steam inlet valve is then closed and the condensate valve and steam exhaust valve opened, the pressure allowed to drop to atmospheric pressure. Then the exhaust valve is closed again and steam inlet valve opened. After 2 minutes of venting, the condensate valve is closed and the pressure allowed to build up to 35psi. The steam inlet valve is again closed and the condensate and exhaust valves opened again to let the pressure drop to atmospheric pressure. Repeat the process and allowed the pressure to build up to 40psi this time. After this, the steam inlet valve is closed and the bunches allowed to cook for 30minutes. At the end, the condensate and exhaust valve is opened and the door will be opened and load withdrawn when the pressure has dropped to atmospheric level.
Figure 3: The graph of pressure versus time for 3 peak sterilization
When the first sterilizer is on holding period, which is T8, the second sterilizer will be ready and start the first peak. And when the second sterilizer reach holding period, the third sterilizer will begin, and so on for the next sterilizer.
Operation
There are total of 5 sterilizer in this mill. 4 of them are running automatically and the another is running manually. For the automatically run sterilizer, the user just have to set in the parameter such as the time for each sterilizing process and holding pressure for the sterilizer.
The sequence of using the sterilizer will be based on the last sterilizer used on the day before. Because there will be few cages left that are not being sterilized yet. So starting from that lane will be saving time to move the cages around.
The total time for one cycle is about 100 minutes. But the time vary based on the quality of the FFB and the pressure of the steam available from the boiler. If the boiler are not able to provide sufficient steam pressure, the sterilizing time will be longer.
When the first and second peak pressure is reach before the time allocated, it will jump to the next stage, so it will shorten the overall time of sterilization. When the cycle is ended, the siren will ring. The worker will wait for the steam to be emptied in the sterilzer. If there is no more steam coming out from the bleeding valve, it indicate that the steam inside the sterilizer is emptied, the sterilizer is safe to open.
The sterilizer’s diameter is 2.7m and 34.2m in length. The working pressure is 45psig and the maximum pressure is 67psig.
Figure 4: Layout plan of sterilisation station
Door system
The door system for sterilizer in this mill is manually operated. There is rubber strap along the door to make sure the door is closed tightly and to prevent the steam from leaking out through the door. There is a tooth like bar along the door and along the body of steriliser. When the door is closed, the bar on the door and the bar on the body will turn and lock against each other. This is to provide a strong mechanical force to hold the door when the pressure is build up in the steriliser.
Figure 6: Steriliser door
USB and hard bunch
When there are unstripped bunches and hard bunches, it means that the sterilization is not complete, extra holding time for sterilizing will be added for the next batch of sterilizing bunches to make sure the bunches are completely sterilized.
Milling throughput
Total processed FFB / milling time = milling throughput
Actual throughput: 80mt/hr
Theoretical throughput: 60NL/(S1+S2)
= 60(4*49)/(35+74)
=107.8mt/hr
There are some difference between actual and theoretical throughput. This due to several factors such as there are some delay when operating the steriliser. There are some time that the boiler are not able to provide sufficient steam pressure, this cause the delay in the operation of the steriliser. There are also minor leakage on the steriliser which cause the steam leaking and lower the steam pressure in the steriliser. When the steam pressure is low, it require more time to build up which will affect the throughput.
Safety features
During operation, inspections on the following items shall be carried out such as:
Inspect alignment between door, locking ring and shell during the door opening/closing operation. Inspection should also consists of the lugs alignment(during the door was closed and locked) adhering to the minimum requirement recommend by the manufacturer’s.
During periodic maintenance, inspections on the following items shall be carried out such as:
l Inspect physical condition of the steriliser such as shell wall inner surface; condition of lugs and wedges (located at locking ring, door and shell), integrity of the weld joints to detect any abnormality due to worn out or overloaded. Ensure that the tolerence of lugs and wedges should follow the specification and recommendation from the manufacturer;
l Inspect and maintain all door component (especially adjuster bolt, bearing and etc) and safety device (such as gasket, safety interlock, safety valve, steriliser door alignment and etc) installed to steriliser are functioning well. Inspection should also check the concentricity of its locking ring, door and shell, when the door was closed and locked. Dimensions and tolerence of lugs and wedges must conform according to the specification recommended by the manufacturer;
l Ensure any modification and repair work is approved by the Department and is done by competent person and firm; and
l All maintenance work must be monitored and ensured that it will not modify any original specifications on any parts of the steriliser.
Recommendation
Spherical Sterilizer:
Spherical FFB sterilizer is a ball-shaped sterilizing vessel that can rotate 360 degree to facilitate both FFB feeding and SFB discharge through its single door. The round geometry of the sterilizing vessel (4.5m in diameter) minimizes FFB compaction inside the vessel and hence optimum steam penetration, air and condensate removal resulting in great economy of steam.
This spherical design require minimum repairs in both internal and external parts because of the simplicity of its design concept. So, low maintenance cost is required in commercial use.
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